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Toe pecking is a relatively rare abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity. It involves one bird pecking the toes of another and has been reported in hens〔Leonard, M.L., Horn, A.G. and Fairful, R.W. (1995). Correlates and consequences of allopecking in White Leghorn chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 43: 17-26〕〔Buitenhuis, A.J., Rodenburg, T.B., Siwek, M., Cornelissen, S.J.B., Nieuwland, M.G.B., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Groenen, M.A.M., Koene, P., Bovenhuis, H., and van der Poel, J.J. (2003). Identification of quantitative trait loci for receiving pecks in young and adult laying hens. Poultry Science, 82: 1661-1667〕 and ostriches.〔Bubier N.E., Deeming, C. and Ayres L.L. (1996). Behaviour of ostrich chicks in captivity: An analysis of time budgets. British Poultry Science, 37 (supplement): S13-S14〕 Hens exposed to toe pecking have significantly enlarged adrenal glands indicating increased physiological stress and step off a raised platform more quickly than control hens, possibly indicating increased fearfulness of raised areas.〔Krause E.T., Petow, S. and Kjaer J.B. (2011). A note on the physiological and behavioural consequences of cannibalistic toe pecking in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 75: 140-143〕 In severe forms, toe pecking becomes a cannibalistic behaviour which according to one report, caused mortality.〔Craig, J.V. and Lee, H.-Y. (1990). Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn-type pullets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 25: 107-123〕 ==See also== * Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity * Feather pecking * Vent pecking * Cannibalism (poultry) * Chicken * Poultry farming * Battery cages 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Toe pecking」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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